3-desoxy derivative and pharmaceutical compositions thereof

ABSTRACT

The present application provides Compound 1:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof. The present invention relates to an FXR activator and to methods of making and using said compound.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser.No. 15/451,818, filed on Mar. 7, 2017, which claims priority to and thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/306,914, filed on Mar.11, 2016, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Liver disorders occur widely in the population and are a risk factor forearly mortality. For example, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)is a disorder affecting millions of adults in the United States, andrefers to conditions where there is an accumulation of excess fat in theliver of people who drink little or no alcohol. The most common form ofNAFLD is a non-serious condition called hepatic steatosis (fatty liver),in which fat accumulates in the liver cells. NAFLD most often presentsitself in individuals with a constellation of risk factors calledmetabolic syndrome, which is characterized by elevated fasting plasmaglucose with or without intolerance to post-prandial glucose, beingoverweight or obese, high blood lipids such as cholesterol andtriglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, andhigh blood pressure; but not all patients have all the manifestations ofmetabolic syndrome. Obesity is thought to be the most common cause ofNAFLD and some experts estimate that about two-thirds of obese adultsand one-half of obese children may have fatty liver.

People with NAFLD may develop a more serious condition callednon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). About two to five percent of adultAmericans and up to 20% of those who are obese may suffer from NASH. InNASH, fat accumulation in the liver is associated with inflammation anddifferent degrees of scarring. NASH is a potentially serious conditionthat carries a substantial risk of progression to end-stage liverdisease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Some patients whodevelop cirrhosis are at risk of liver failure and may eventuallyrequire a liver transplant. NASH is a leading cause of end-stage liverdisease while NAFLD, and to an even greater degree NASH, are intimatelyrelated to states of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistanceand type 2 diabetes mellitus, and abdominal obesity.

There are no drugs currently approved to prevent or treat NAFLD or NASH.A number of pharmacological interventions have been tried but withoverall limited benefit. Antioxidant agents may arrest lipidperoxidation and cytoprotective agents stabilize phospholipid membranes,but agents tried unsuccessfully or with only modest benefit so farinclude ursodeoxycholic acid, vitamins E and C, and pentoxifylline,amongst others. Weight-loss agents such as Orlistat have had nosignificant benefit compared to just the use of diet and exercise toachieve weight loss alone. Most weight-loss studies in NAFLD/NASH havebeen pilot studies of short duration and limited success, reporting onlya modest improvement in necroinflammation or fibrosis. Moreover, aninvestigational new drug encounters a variety of obstacles that mayprevent its further development. Such obstacles may include poor tissuedistribution, a non-suitable pharmacokinetic profile, safety issues suchas toxicity, and/or undesirable drug-drug interactions. Despite ongoingefforts, there remains a significant unmet clinical need for aneffective and well-tolerated compound that can treat or slow down theprogression of NAFLD and NASH.

The present invention addresses these needs. Therefore, it is the objectof the present invention to provide a novel therapeutic agent to treatliver disorders such as NAFLD and NASH while exhibiting physicochemical,in vitro and/or in vivo ADME (adsorption, distribution, metabolism andexcretion) properties superior to known compounds and/or superiorpharmacokinetics in vivo.

SUMMARY

An objective of the present invention is to provide a compound thatactivates the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and is therefore useful totreat FXR related disorders including NAFLD and NASH. Accordingly, thepresent invention provides Compound 1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or aminoacid conjugate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier orexcipient.

The present invention also provides a method for treating or preventinga disease or condition activated by FXR, comprising administering to asubject in need thereof an effective amount of Compound 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

The present invention also provides for the manufacture of a medicamentfor treating or preventing a disease or condition activated by FXR,wherein the medicament comprises Compound 1 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

The present invention further provides compositions, includingpharmaceutical compositions, for use in treating or preventing a diseaseor condition activated by FXR, wherein the composition comprisesCompound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods andmaterials are described below. The materials, methods, and examples areillustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. Other featuresand advantages of the invention will be apparent from the followingdetailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the expression levels of FXR Target Gene Panel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is based on the discovery that Compound 1 is apotent and selective activator of the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR isa nuclear receptor which acts as a key regulator of cholesterolhomeostasis, triglyceride synthesis and lipogenesis (Crawley, ExpertOpinion Ther. Patents 2010, 20, 1047-1057). This receptor is expressedin various organs and shown to be involved in many diseases andconditions, including liver diseases, lung diseases, renal diseases,intestinal diseases, and heart diseases, and biological processes, suchas glucose metabolism, insulin metabolism, and lipid metabolism.

Definitions

As used herein, “Compound 1” or “a compound of the invention” refers to7α,11β-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid which has the followingchemical structure:

The invention also comprehends isotopically-labeled Compound 1, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts or amino acid conjugates thereof,which are identical to those recited in structure above but for the factthat one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass ormass number different from the atomic mass or mass number most commonlyfound in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into thecompound of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or aminoacid conjugates thereof include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,fluorine, such as ³H, ¹¹C, ¹⁴C, and ¹⁸F.

Tritiated, i.e., ³H, and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, isotopes may be used fortheir ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution withheavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, can afford certaintherapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, forexample increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and,hence, may be used in some circumstances. Isotopically labeled compoundsor pharmaceutically acceptable salts or amino acid conjugates thereofcan generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed inthe Scheme and/or in the Examples, by substituting a readily availableisotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.However, one skilled in the art will recognize that not all isotopes canbe included by substitution of the non-isotopically labeled reagent. Inone embodiment, Compound 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or aminoacid conjugates thereof are not isotopically labeled. In one embodiment,deuterated Compound 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or amino acidconjugates thereof are useful for bioanalytical assays. In anotherembodiment, Compound 1 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or aminoacid conjugates thereof are radiolabeled.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivativesof Compound 1 wherein the parent compound is modified by forming a saltof the carboxylic acid moiety. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptablesalts include, but are not limited to, cations such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺, and NH₄ ⁺ are examples of cations present in pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts. Suitable inorganic bases include calcium hydroxide,potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. Salts mayalso be prepared using organic bases, such as salts of primary,secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines includingnaturally-occurring substituted amines, and cyclic amines includingisopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, tromethamine,lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline,betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, N-alkylglucamines, theobromine,purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is art-recognized, andincludes, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable materials,compositions or vehicles, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent,excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying ortransporting any subject composition from one organ, or portion of thebody, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier is“acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredientsof a subject composition and not injurious to the patient. In certainembodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is non-pyrogenic.Some examples of materials which may serve as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose andsucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, andits derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl celluloseand cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc;excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such aspeanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, cornoil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such asglycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such asethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such asmagnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-freewater; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphatebuffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed inpharmaceutical formulations.

A “composition” or “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulationcontaining a compound of the invention or a salt or amino acid conjugatethereof In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in bulk orin unit dosage form. The unit dosage form is any of a variety of forms,including, for example, a capsule, an IV bag, a tablet, a single pump onan aerosol inhaler, or a vial. The quantity of active ingredient (e.g.,a formulation of a compound of the invention or salts thereof) in a unitdose of composition is an effective amount and is varied according tothe particular treatment involved. One skilled in the art willappreciate that it may be necessary to make routine variations to thedosage depending on the age and condition of the patient. The dosagewill also depend on the route of administration. A variety of routes arecontemplated, including oral, ocular, ophthalmic, pulmonary, rectal,parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, intranasal, and the like. Dosage forms for the topicalor transdermal administration of a compound of the invention includepowders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions,patches and inhalants. In another embodiment, Compound 1 is mixed understerile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and withany preservatives, buffers, or propellants that are required.

The term “treating”, as used herein, refers to relieving, lessening,reducing, eliminating, modulating, or ameliorating, i.e., causingregression of the disease state or condition.

The term “preventing”, as used herein, refers to completely or almostcompletely stop a disease state or condition, from occurring in apatient or subject, especially when the patient or subject ispredisposed to such or at risk of contracting a disease state orcondition. Preventing can also include inhibiting, i.e., arresting thedevelopment, of a disease state or condition, and relieving orameliorating, i.e., causing regression of the disease state orcondition, for example when the disease state or condition may alreadybe present.

The phrase “reducing the risk of”, as used herein, refers to loweringthe likelihood or probability of a central nervous system disease,inflammatory disease and/or metabolic disease from occurring in apatient, especially when the subject is predisposed to such occurrence.

“Combination therapy” (or “co-therapy”) refers to the administration ofa compound of the invention and at least a second agent as part of aspecific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effectfrom the co-action of these therapeutic agents (i.e., the compound ofthe invention and at least a second agent). The beneficial effect of thecombination includes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic orpharmacodynamic co-action resulting from the combination of therapeuticagents. Administration of these therapeutic agents in combinationtypically is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes,hours, days or weeks depending upon the combination selected).“Combination therapy” may, but generally is not, intended to encompassthe administration of two or more of these therapeutic agents as part ofseparate monotherapy regimens that incidentally and arbitrarily resultin the combinations of the present application. “Combination therapy” isintended to embrace administration of this therapeutic agent in asequential manner, that is, wherein the therapeutic agent isadministered at a different time, as well as administration of thistherapeutic agent, or at least two therapeutic agents, in asubstantially simultaneous manner. Substantially simultaneousadministration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to thesubject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of a therapeutic agent orin multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents.Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of eachtherapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including,but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscularroutes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. Thetherapeutic agent can be administered by the same route or by differentroutes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combinationselected may be administered by intravenous injection while the othertherapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents may be administeredorally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenousinjection. The sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administeredis not narrowly critical.

“Combination therapy” also embraces the administration of thetherapeutic agent as described above in further combination with otherbiologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g., surgery ormechanical treatments). Where the combination therapy further comprisesa non-drug treatment, the non-drug treatment may be conducted at anysuitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of thecombination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment isachieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect isstill achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed fromthe administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or evenweeks.

An “effective amount” of a compound of the invention is an amount(quantity or concentration) of the compound to produce the desiredpharmacological effect. In one embodiment, when an effective amount of acompound is administered to a subject in need of treatment symptomsarising from the disease are ameliorated immediately or afteradministration of the compound one or more times. The amount of thecompound to be administered to a subject will depend on the particulardisorder, the mode of administration, co-administered compounds, if any,and the characteristics of the subject, such as general health, otherdiseases, age, sex, genotype, body weight, and tolerance to drugs. Theskilled artisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages dependingon these and other factors.

The term “prophylactically effective amount” means an amount (quantityor concentration) of a compound of the present invention, or acombination of compounds, that is administered to prevent or reduce therisk of a disease—in other words, an amount needed to provide apreventative or prophylactic effect. The amount of the present compoundto be administered to a subject will depend on the particular disorder,the mode of administration, co-administered compounds, if any, and thecharacteristics of the subject, such as general health, other diseases,age, sex, genotype, body weight, and tolerance to drugs. The skilledartisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages depending on theseand other factors. A “subject” includes mammals, e.g., humans, companionanimals (e.g., dogs, cats, birds, and the like), farm animals (e.g.,cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like), and laboratory animals (e.g.,rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like). Typically, the subject is human.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

A “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing a compound ofthe invention in a form suitable for administration to a subject. In oneembodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in bulk or in unit dosageform. It can be advantageous to formulate compositions in dosage unitform for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unitform as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited asunitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing apredetermined quantity of active reagent calculated to produce thedesired therapeutic effect in association with the requiredpharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms aredictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of theactive reagent and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, andthe limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active agentfor the treatment of individuals.

Possible formulations include those suitable for oral, sublingual,buccal, parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous),rectal, topical including transdermal, intranasal and inhalationadministration. Most suitable means of administration for a particularpatient will depend on the nature and severity of the disease beingtreated or the nature of the therapy being used and on the nature of theactive compound, but where possible, oral administration may be used forthe prevention and treatment of FXR activated diseases and conditions.Formulations suitable for oral administration may be provided asdiscrete units, such as tablets, capsules, cachets, lozenges, eachcontaining a predetermined amount of the active compound; as powders orgranules; as solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids;or as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. Formulations suitable forsublingual or buccal administration include lozenges comprising theactive compound and, typically a flavored base, such as sugar and acaciaor tragacanth and pastilles comprising the active compound in an inertbase, such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose acacia.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration typically comprisesterile aqueous solutions containing a predetermined concentration ofthe active compound; the solution may be isotonic with the blood of theintended recipient. Additional formulations suitable for parenteraladministration include formulations containing physiologically suitableco-solvents and/or complexing agents such as surfactants andcyclodextrins. Oil-in-water emulsions are also suitable formulations forparenteral formulations. Although such solutions may be administeredintravenously, they may also be administered by subcutaneous orintramuscular injection.

Formulations suitable for rectal administration may be provided asunit-dose suppositories comprising the active ingredient in one or moresolid carriers forming the suppository base, for example, cocoa butter.

Formulations suitable for topical or intranasal application includeointments, creams, lotions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols, and oils.Suitable carriers for such formulations include petroleum jelly,lanolin, polyethyleneglycols, alcohols, and combinations thereof.

Formulations of the invention may be prepared by any suitable method,typically by uniformly and intimately admixing the active compound withliquids or finely divided solid carriers or both, in the requiredproportions and then, if necessary, shaping the resulting mixture intothe desired shape.

For example, a tablet may be prepared by compressing an intimate mixturecomprising a powder or granules of the active ingredient and one or moreoptional ingredients, such as a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, orsurface active dispersing agent, or by molding an intimate mixture ofpowdered active ingredient and inert liquid diluent. Suitableformulations for administration by inhalation include fine particledusts or mists which may be generated by means of various types ofmetered dose pressurized aerosols, nebulizers, or insufflators.

For pulmonary administration via the mouth, the particle size of thepowder or droplets is typically in the range of 0.5-10 μm, or may beabout 1-5 μm, to ensure delivery into the bronchial tree. For nasaladministration, a particle size in the range of 10-500 μm may be used toensure retention in the nasal cavity.

Metered dose inhalers are pressurized aerosol dispensers, typicallycontaining a suspension or solution formulation of the active ingredientin a liquefied propellant. During use, these devices discharge theformulation through a valve adapted to deliver a metered volume,typically from 10 to 150 μm, to produce a fine particle spray containingthe active ingredient. Suitable propellants include certainchlorofluorocarbon compounds, for example, dichlorodifluoromethane,trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, and mixtures thereof.The formulation may additionally contain one or more co-solvents, forexample, ethanol surfactants, such as oleic acid or sorbitan trioleate,anti-oxidants and suitable flavoring agents.

Nebulizers are commercially available devices that transform solutionsor suspensions of the active ingredient into a therapeutic aerosol misteither by means of acceleration of a compressed gas typically air oroxygen, through a narrow venturi orifice, or by means of ultrasonicagitation. Suitable formulations for use in nebulizers consist of theactive ingredient in a liquid carrier and comprise up to 40% w/w of theformulation, preferably less than 20% w/w. The carrier is typicallywater or a dilute aqueous alcoholic solution, preferably made isotonicwith body fluids by the addition of, for example, sodium chloride.Optional additives include preservatives if the formulation is notprepared sterile, for example, methyl hydroxy-benzoate, anti-oxidants,flavoring agents, volatile oils, buffering agents, and surfactants.

Suitable formulations for administration by insufflation include finelycomminuted powders which may be delivered by means of an insufflator ortaken into the nasal cavity in the manner of a snuff. In theinsufflator, the powder is contained in capsules or cartridges,typically made of gelatin or plastic, which are either pierced or openedin situ and the powder delivered by air drawn through the device uponinhalation or by means of a manually-operated pump. The powder employedin the insufflator consists either solely of the active ingredient or ofa powder blend comprising the active ingredient, a suitable powderdiluent, such as lactose, and an optional surfactant. The activeingredient typically comprises from 0.1 to 100% w/w of the formulation.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising, as active ingredient, a compound of theinvention together, and/or in admixture, with at least onepharmaceutical carrier or diluent. These pharmaceutical compositions maybe used in the prevention or treatment of the foregoing diseases orconditions.

The carrier is pharmaceutically acceptable and must be compatible with,i.e. not have a deleterious effect upon, the other ingredients in thecomposition. The carrier may be a solid or liquid and is preferablyformulated as a unit dose formulation, for example, a tablet which maycontain from 0.05 to 95% by weight of the active ingredient. If desired,other physiologically active ingredients may also be incorporated in thepharmaceutical compositions of the invention.

In addition to the ingredients specifically mentioned above, theformulations of the present invention may include other agents known tothose skilled in the art of pharmacy, having regard for the type offormulation in issue. For example, formulations suitable for oraladministration may include flavoring agents and formulations suitablefor intranasal administration may include perfumes.

Methods of Treatment

The compound of the invention is useful for therapy in subjects such asmammals, including humans. In particular, the compound of the inventionis useful in a method of treating or preventing a disease or conditionin a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof aneffective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof. In one embodiment, thedisease or condition is activated by FXR-activation (e.g., FXR plays arole in the initiation or progress of the disease or condition). In oneembodiment, the disease or condition is selected from cardiovasculardisease, chronic liver disease, lipid disorder, gastrointestinaldisease, renal disease, metabolic disease, cancer, and neurologicaldisease.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing cardiovascular disease in a subject, comprising administeringto the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method oftreating cardiovascular disease. In one embodiment, cardiovasculardisease selected from atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, dyslipidemia,hypercholesteremia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, andhypertriglyceridemia.

The term “hyperlipidemia” refers to the presence of an abnormallyelevated level of lipids in the blood. Hyperlipidemia can appear in atleast three forms: hypercholesterolemia, i.e., an elevated cholesterollevel; hypertriglyceridemia, i.e., an elevated triglyceride level; andcombined hyperlipidemia, i.e., a combination of hypercholesterolemia andhypertriglyceridemia.

The term “dyslipidemia” refers to abnormal levels of lipoproteins inblood plasma including both depressed and/or elevated levels oflipoproteins (e.g., elevated levels of LDL, VLDL and depressed levels ofHDL).

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method selected fromreducing cholesterol levels or modulating cholesterol metabolism,catabolism, absorption of dietary cholesterol, and reverse cholesteroltransport in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in needthereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing a disease affecting cholesterol, triglyceride, or bile acidlevels in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in needthereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of loweringtriglycerides in a subject, comprising administering to the subject inneed thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing a disease state associated with an elevated cholesterol levelin a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof aneffective amount of Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt oramino acid conjugate thereof. In one embodiment, the invention relatesto a method of treating a disease state associated with an elevatedcholesterol level in a subject. In one embodiment, the invention relatesto a method of preventing a disease state associated with an elevatedcholesterol level in a subject. In one embodiment, the disease state isselected from coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, carotid arterydisease, strokes, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and xanthoma.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing a lipid disorder in a subject, comprising administering tothe subject in need thereof an effective amount of Compound 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof. In oneembodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating a lipiddisorder. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method ofpreventing a lipid disorder.

Lipid disorders are the term for abnormalities of cholesterol andtriglycerides. Lipid abnormalities are associated with an increased riskfor vascular disease, and especially heart attacks and strokes.Abnormalities in lipid disorders are a combination of geneticpredisposition as well as the nature of dietary intake. Many lipiddisorders are associated with being overweight. Lipid disorders may alsobe associated with other diseases including diabetes, the metabolicsyndrome (sometimes called the insulin resistance syndrome), underactivethyroid or the result of certain medications (such as those used foranti-rejection regimens in people who have had transplants).

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing one or more symptoms of disease affecting lipid metabolism(i.e., lipodystrophy) in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method oftreating one or more symptoms of a disease affecting lipid metabolism.In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of preventing oneor more symptoms of a disease affecting lipid metabolism.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of decreasing lipidaccumulation in a subject, comprising administering to the subject inneed thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing chronic liver disease in a subject, comprising administeringto the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method oftreating chronic liver disease. In one embodiment, the invention relatesto a method of preventing chronic liver disease. In one embodiment, thechronic liver disease is selected from primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)(also known as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)), cerebrotendinousxanthomatosis (CTX), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), drug inducedcholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, parenteral nutritionassociated cholestasis (PNAC), bacterial overgrowth or sepsis associatedcholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholicliver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplant associated graft versus hostdisease, living donor transplant liver regeneration, congenital hepaticfibrosis, choledocholithiasis, granulomatous liver disease, intra- orextrahepatic malignancy, Sjogren's syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Wilson'sdisease, Gaucher's disease, hemochromatosis, and alphal-antitrypsindeficiency.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing one or more symptoms of cholestasis, including complicationsof cholestasis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject inneed thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof. In oneembodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating one or moresymptoms of cholestasis. In one embodiment, the invention relates topreventing one or more symptoms of cholestasis.

Cholestasis is typically caused by factors within the liver(intrahepatic) or outside the liver (extrahepatic) and leads to theaccumulation of bile salts, bile pigment bilirubin, and lipids in theblood stream instead of being eliminated normally. Intrahepaticcholestasis is characterized by widespread blockage of small ducts or bydisorders, such as hepatitis, that impair the body's ability toeliminate bile. Intrahepatic cholestasis may also be caused by alcoholicliver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, cancer that has spread(metastasized) from another part of the body, primary sclerosingcholangitis, gallstones, biliary colic, and acute cholecystitis. It canalso occur as a complication of surgery, serious injury, cysticfibrosis, infection, or intravenous feeding or be drug induced.Cholestasis may also occur as a complication of pregnancy and oftendevelops during the second and third trimesters. Extrahepaticcholestasis is most often caused by choledocholithiasis (Bile DuctStones), benign biliary strictures (non-cancerous narrowing of thecommon duct), cholangiocarcinoma (ductal carcinoma), and pancreaticcarcinoma. Extrahepatic cholestasis can occur as a side effect of manymedications.

A compound of the invention may be used for treating or preventing oneor more symptoms of intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholestasis, includingwithout limitation, biliary atresia, obstetric cholestasis, neonatalcholestasis, drug induced cholestasis, cholestasis arising fromHepatitis C infection, chronic cholestatic liver disease such as primarybiliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of enhancing liverregeneration in a subject, comprising administering to the subject inneed thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof. In oneembodiment, the method is enhancing liver regeneration for livertransplantation.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing fibrosis in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method oftreating fibrosis. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a methodof preventing fibrosis.

Accordingly, as used herein, the term fibrosis refers to all recognizedfibrotic disorders, including fibrosis due to pathological conditions ordiseases, fibrosis due to physical trauma (“traumatic fibrosis”),fibrosis due to radiation damage, and fibrosis due to exposure tochemotherapeutics. As used herein, the term “organ fibrosis” includesbut is not limited to liver fibrosis, fibrosis of the kidneys, fibrosisof lung, and fibrosis of the intestine. “Traumatic fibrosis” includesbut is not limited to fibrosis secondary to surgery (surgical scarring),accidental physical trauma, burns, and hypertrophic scarring.

As used herein, “liver fibrosis” includes liver fibrosis due to anycause, including but not limited to virally-induced liver fibrosis suchas that due to hepatitis B or C virus; exposure to alcohol (alcoholicliver disease), certain pharmaceutical compounds including but notlimited to methotrexate, some chemotherapeutic agents, and chronicingestion of arsenicals or vitamin A in megadoses, oxidative stress,cancer radiation therapy or certain industrial chemicals including butnot limited to carbon tetrachloride and dimethylnitrosamine; anddiseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosingcholangitis, fatty liver, obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cysticfibrosis, hemochromatosis, auto-immune hepatitis, and steatohepatitis.Current therapy in liver fibrosis is primarily directed at removing thecausal agent, e.g., removing excess iron (e.g., in the case ofhemochromatosis), decreasing viral load (e.g., in the case of chronicviral hepatitis), or eliminating or decreasing exposure to toxins (e.g.,in the case of alcoholic liver disease). Anti-inflammatory drugs such ascorticosteroids and colchicine are also known for use in treatinginflammation that can lead to liver fibrosis. As is known in the art,liver fibrosis may be clinically classified into five stages of severity(S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4), usually based on histological examination of abiopsy specimen. S0 indicates no fibrosis, whereas S4 indicatescirrhosis. While various criteria for staging the severity of liverfibrosis exist, in general early stages of fibrosis are identified bydiscrete, localized areas of scarring in one portal (zone) of the liver,whereas later stages of fibrosis are identified by bridging fibrosis(scarring that crosses zones of the liver).

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing organ fibrosis in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the fibrosis is liver fibrosis.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing gastrointestinal disease in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of acompound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or aminoacid conjugate thereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to amethod of treating gastrointestinal disease. In one embodiment, theinvention relates to a method of preventing gastrointestinal disease. Inone embodiment, the gastrointestinal disease is selected frominflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),bacterial overgrowth, malabsorption, post-radiation colitis, andmicroscopic colitis. In one embodiment, the inflammatory bowel diseaseis selected from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing renal disease in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method oftreating renal disease. In one embodiment, the invention relates to amethod of preventing renal disease. In one embodiment, the renal diseaseis selected from diabetic nephropathy, focal segmentalglomerulosclerosis (FSGS), hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronicglomerulonephritis, chronic transplant glomerulopathy, chronicinterstitial nephritis, and polycystic kidney disease.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing metabolic disease in a subject, comprising administering tothe subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method oftreating renal disease. In one embodiment, the invention relates to amethod of preventing renal disease. In one embodiment, the metabolicdisease is selected from insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, diabetesmellitus, diabesity, and obesity. In one embodiment, the diabetesmellitus is type I diabetes. In one embodiment, the diabetes mellitus istype II diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus, commonly called diabetes, refers to a disease orcondition that is generally characterized by metabolic defects inproduction and utilization of glucose which result in the failure tomaintain appropriate blood sugar levels in the body.

In the case of type II diabetes, the disease is characterized by insulinresistance, in which insulin loses its ability to exert its biologicaleffects across a broad range of concentrations. This resistance toinsulin responsiveness results in insufficient insulin activation ofglucose uptake, oxidation and storage in muscle and inadequate insulinrepression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production andsecretion in liver. The resulting condition is elevated blood glucose,which is called “hyperglycemia”. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia isassociated with increased and premature mortality due to an increasedrisk for microvascular and macrovascular diseases, including retinopathy(the impairment or loss of vision due to blood vessel damage in theeyes); neuropathy (nerve damage and foot problems due to blood vesseldamage to the nervous system); and nephropathy (kidney disease due toblood vessel damage in the kidneys), hypertension, cerebrovasculardisease, and coronary heart disease. Therefore, control of glucosehomeostasis is a critically important approach for the treatment ofdiabetes.

Insulin resistance has been hypothesized to unify the clustering ofhypertension, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, increased levels oftriglyceride and decreased HDL cholesterol, and central and overallobesity. The association of insulin resistance with glucose intolerance,an increase in plasma triglyceride and a decrease in high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, hypertension, hyperuricemia,smaller denser low-density lipoprotein particles, and higher circulatinglevels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, has been referred to as“Syndrome X”. Accordingly, methods of treating or preventing anydisorders related to insulin resistance including the cluster of diseasestates, conditions or disorders that make up “Syndrome X” are provided.In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing metabolic syndrome in a subject, comprising administering tothe subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treatingmetabolic syndrome. In another embodiment, the invention relates to amethod of preventing metabolic syndrome.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectin need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof. In oneembodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer. In oneembodiment, the invention relates to a method of preventing cancer. Inone embodiment, the cancer is selected from hepatocellular carcinoma,colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer,adrenal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer,salivary gland cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine body cancer, and lungcancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma. Inone embodiment, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In one embodiment, thecancer is gastric cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is renal cancer.In one embodiment, the cancer is prostate cancer. In one embodiment, thecancer is adrenal cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is pancreaticcancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is breast cancer. In oneembodiment, the cancer is bladder cancer. In one embodiment, the canceris salivary gland cancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is ovariancancer. In one embodiment, the cancer is uterine body cancer. In oneembodiment, the cancer is lung cancer.

In another embodiment, at least one of an agent selected from Sorafenib,Sunitinib, Erlotinib, or Imatinib is co-administered with the compoundof the invention to treat cancer. In one embodiment, at least one of anagent selected from abarelix, aldeleukin, allopurinol, altretamine,amifostine, anastozole, bevacizumab, capecitabine, carboplatin,cisplatin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, erlotinib, exemestane,5-fluorouracil, fulvestrant, gemcitabine, goserelin acetate, irinotecan,lapatinib ditosylate, letozole, leucovorin, levamisole, oxaliplatin,paclitaxel, panitumumab, pemetrexed disodium, profimer sodium,tamoxifen, topotecan, and trastuzumab is co-administered with thecompound of the invention to treat cancer.

Appropriate treatment for cancers depends on the type of cell from whichthe tumor derived, the stage and severity of the malignancy, and thegenetic abnormality that contributes to the tumor.

Cancer staging systems describe the extent of cancer progression. Ingeneral, the staging systems describe how far the tumor has spread andputs patients with similar prognosis and treatment in the same staginggroup. In general, there are poorer prognoses for tumors that havebecome invasive or metastasized.

In one type of staging system, cases are grouped into four stages,denoted by Roman numerals I to IV. In stage I, cancers are oftenlocalized and are usually curable. Stage II and IIIA cancers are usuallymore advanced and may have invaded the surrounding tissues and spread tolymph nodes. Stage IV cancers include metastatic cancers that havespread to sites outside of lymph nodes.

Another staging system is TNM staging which stands for the categories:Tumor, Nodes, and Metastases. In this system, malignancies are describedaccording to the severity of the individual categories. For example, Tclassifies the extent of a primary tumor from 0 to 4 with 0 representinga malignancy that does not have invasive activity and 4 representing amalignancy that has invaded other organs by extension from the originalsite. N classifies the extent of lymph node involvement with 0representing a malignancy with no lymph node involvement and 4representing a malignancy with extensive lymph node involvement. Mclassifies the extent of metastasis from 0 to 1 with 0 representing amalignancy with no metastases and 1 representing a malignancy withmetastases.

These staging systems or variations of these staging systems or othersuitable staging systems may be used to describe a tumor such ashepatocellular carcinoma. Few options only are available for thetreatment of hepatocellular cancer depending on the stage and featuresof the cancer. Treatments include surgery, treatment with Sorafenib, andtargeted therapies. In general, surgery is the first line of treatmentfor early stage localized hepatocellular cancer. Additional systemictreatments may be used to treat invasive and metastatic tumors.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing gallstones in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method oftreating gallstones. In one embodiment, the invention relates to amethod of preventing gallstones.

A gallstone is a crystalline concretion formed within the gallbladder byaccretion of bile components. These calculi are formed in thegallbladder but may distally pass into other parts of the biliary tractsuch as the cystic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct, or theampulla of Vater. Rarely, in cases of severe inflammation, gallstonesmay erode through the gallbladder into adherent bowel potentiallycausing an obstruction termed gallstone ileus. Presence of gallstones inthe gallbladder may lead to acute cholecystitis, an inflammatorycondition characterized by retention of bile in the gallbladder andoften secondary infection by intestinal microorganisms, predominantlyEscherichia coli, and Bacteroides species.

Presence of gallstones in other parts of the biliary tract can causeobstruction of the bile ducts, which can lead to serious conditions suchas ascending cholangitis or pancreatitis. In one embodiment, theinvention relates to a method of treating or preventing cholesterolgallstone disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectin need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof. In oneembodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating cholesterolgallstone disease. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a methodof preventing cholesterol gallstone disease.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing neurological disease in a subject, comprising administeringto the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugatethereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method oftreating neurological disease. In one embodiment, the invention relatesto a method of preventing neurological disease. In one embodiment, theneurological disease is stroke.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method as described hereinand further wherein, the compound is administered by a route selectedfrom oral, parenteral, intramuscular, intranasal, sublingual,intratracheal, inhalation, ocular, vaginal, rectal, andintracerebroventricular. In one embodiment, the route is oral.

In one embodiment, the compound utilized in one or more of the methodsdescribed herein is an FXR agonist. In one embodiment, the compound is aselective FXR agonist. In another embodiment, the compound does notactivate TGRS. In one embodiment, the compound does not activate othernuclear receptors involved in metabolic pathways (e.g., as measured byan AlphaScreen assay). In one embodiment, such other nuclear receptorsinvolved in metabolic pathways are selected from LXRβ, PXR, CAR, PPARα,PPARδ, PPARγ, RAR, RARα, VDR, TR, PR, RXR, GR, and ER. In oneembodiment, the compound induces apoptosis.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of regulating theexpression level of one or more genes involved in bile acid homeostasis.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of down regulatingthe expression level of one or more genes selected from CYP7α1 andSREBP-IC in a cell by administering to the cell a compound of theinvention. In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of upregulating the expression level of one or more genes selected from OSTα,OSTβ, BSEP, SHP, UGT2B4, MRP2, FGF-19, PPARγ, PLTP, APOCII, and PEPCK ina cell by administering to the cell a compound of the invention.

The invention also relates to the manufacture of a medicament fortreating or preventing a disease or condition (e.g., a disease orcondition activated by FXR), wherein the medicament comprises a compoundof the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acidconjugate thereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to themanufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing any one of thediseases or conditions described herein above, wherein the medicamentcomprises a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

The invention also relates to a composition for use in a method fortreating or preventing a disease or condition (e.g., a disease orcondition activated by FXR), wherein the composition comprises acompound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or aminoacid conjugate thereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to acomposition for use in a method for treating or preventing any one ofthe diseases or conditions described herein above, wherein thecomposition comprises a compound of the invention or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.

The methods of the invention comprise the step of administering aneffective amount of a compound of the invention. As used herein, theterm an “effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound of theinvention which is sufficient to achieve the stated effect. Accordingly,an effective amount of a compound of the invention used in a method forthe prevention or treatment of FXR activated diseases or conditions willbe an amount sufficient to prevent or treat the FXR activated disease orcondition.

Similarly, an effective amount of a compound of the invention for use ina method for the prevention or treatment of a cholestatic liver diseaseor increasing bile flow will be an amount sufficient to increase bileflow to the intestine.

The amount of the compound of the invention which is required to achievethe desired biological effect will depend on a number of factors such asthe use for which it is intended, the means of administration, and therecipient, and will be ultimately at the discretion of the attendantphysician or veterinarian. In general, a typical daily dose for thetreatment of a FXR activated disease and condition, for instance, may beexpected to lie in the range of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100mg/kg. This dose may be administered as a single unit dose or as severalseparate unit doses or as a continuous infusion. Similar dosages wouldbe applicable for the treatment of other diseases, conditions andtherapies including the prevention and treatment of cholestatic liverdiseases.

Experimental Section Example 1. Synthesis of Compound 1

Compound 1 was prepared according to the procedures described in Scheme1 and from 7α, 11β-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (A1) as thestarting material. A1 was prepared by methods known in the art. Forexample, A1 can be prepared by the procedures described in PCTPublication No. WO 2014/184271.

Methyl 7α,11β-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-3-oxo-5β-cholan-24-oate (A2):

A solution of A1 (0.46 mmol) and p-TSA (0.046 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) wasreacted overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, theresidue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (10 mL) and washed with asaturated solution of NaHCO₃ up to neutral pH. The aqueous phase wasextracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers washed with brine,dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. The crude wasdissolved in toluene (6.5 mL) and refluxed with Fetizon's reagent for 18h. The mixture was filtered on a Celite pad, the filtrate concentratedunder vacuum and used for the next step without further purifications.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ0.87-0.95 (9H, m, CH₃-18, CH₃-21, CH₃-26),1.23 (3H, s, CH₃-19), 3.0 (1H, t, J=14.2 Hz, CH-4), 3.65 (3H, s,COOCH₃), 3.87 (1H, s, CH-7), 4.32 (1H, s, CH-11).

7α,11β-Dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (1):

Methyl 7α,11β-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-3-oxo-5β-cholan-24-oate (A2) (150 mg)was stirred with a methanolic solution of NaOH overnight. The solventwas evaporated under reduced pressure and the residual dissolved inwater and washed with Et₂O. The aqueous phase was acidified with HCl3 Nup to pH 1, extracted with CHCl₃ and the collected organic layers washedwith H₂O, brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated undervacuum. The crude was purified by flash chromatography on silica gelusing a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as eluting solventsystem. A suspension of 7α,11β-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-3-oxo-5β-cholan-24-oicacid (0.21 mmol) in ethylene glycol (2 mL) was refluxed for 30 h withKOH (0.518 mmol) and NH₂NH₂·H₂O (2.07 mmol). The mixture was cooled toroom temperature, diluted with H₂O and washed with Et₂O (3×5 mL). Afteracidification with HCl3 N up to pH 1, the aqueous phase was extractedwith EtOAc and the collected organic layers washed with H₂O, brine,dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Thecrude was purified by reverse phase C18 flash chromatography usingH₂O-MeOH as eluting solvent system thus obtaining7α,11β-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (1) as a white solid.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ0.87-0.92 (6H, m, CH₃-18, CH₃-25), 1.00 (3H,d, J=6.4 Hz, CH₃-21), 1.14 (3H, s, CH₃-19), 3.73 (1H, s, CH-7), 4.19(1H, s, CH-11). ¹³C-NMR (100.6 MHz, CD₃OD): 12.1, 14.7, 19.0, 23.2,23.5, 24.7, 25.5, 28.6, 29.0, 29.1, 34.1, 36.3, 37.5, 37.8, 38.3, 38.5,38.8, 42.8 (×2), 50.1, 51.5, 52.3, 58.1, 69.3, 71.8, 183.6.

Pharmacology and Biological Data

In general, the prospect of a compound as a drug candidate may beevaluated using various assays known in the art. For example, for the invitro validation of FXR, its activity and selectivity can be evaluatedusing AlphaScreen (biochemical assay); gene expression can be evaluatedusing RT-PCR (FXR target gene); and cytotoxicity (e.g., HepG2) can beevaluated using ATP content, LDH release, and Caspase-3 activation. Forthe in vitro validation for TGR5, its activity and selectivity can beevaluated using HTR-FRET (cell-based assay); gene expression can beevaluated using RT-PCR (TGR5 target gene cFOS)); and cytotoxicity (e.g.,HepG2) can be evaluated using ATP content, LDH release, and Caspase-3activation. The following compounds were used as controls in theexamples below.

As used herein Compound A is

which is also known as obeticholic acid, INT-747, 6-ECDCA, 6-alpha-ethylchenodeoxycholic acid, or 6α-ethyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oicacid.

As used herein Compound B is

which is also known as INT-767 or6α-ethyl-3α,7α,23-trihydroxy-24-nor-5β-cholan-23-sulfate sodium salt.

As used herein, Compound C is

which is also known as INT-777 or 6α-ethyl-23(S)-methyl-3α,7α,12αtrihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid.

As used herein, Compound D is

which is also known as 6α-ethyl-23(R)-methyl chenodeoxycholic acid, andS-EMCDCA.

As used herein, Compound E is

As used herein, Compound F is

which is also known as 3α,7α,11β-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oicacid.

Example 2. FXR/TGR5 Activity

In the nucleus, ligand-bound nuclear receptors (NRs) modulate initiationof transcription by directly interacting with the basal transcriptionalmachinery or by contacting bridging factors called coactivators (Onate,et al., Science, 1995, 270, 1354-1357; Wang, et al., J Biol Chem, 1998,273, 30847-30850; and Zhu, et al., Gene Expr, 1996, 6, 185-195). Theligand-dependent interaction of NRs with their coactivators occursbetween activation function 2 (AF-2), located in the receptorligand-binding domain (LBD) and the nuclear receptor boxes (NR box),located on the coactivators (Nolte, et al., Nature, 1998, 395, 137-143).Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that the LXXLL peptidesequence present in the NR box represents a signature motif thatfacilitates the interaction of different proteins with the AF-2 region(Heery, et al., Nature, 1997, 387, 733-736; and Torchia, et al., Nature,1997, 387, 677-684).

AlphaScreen was used with the aim of identifying novel modulators bytaking advantage of the bimolecular interaction prevailing between FXRand the LXXLL motif present in the NR box of the steroid receptorcoactivator 1 (SRC-1).

Human FXR-LBD-GST was incubated with increasing concentrations of theindicated ligands in the presence of biotinylated LXXLL SRC-1 peptide.The AlphaScreen signal increases when the complex receptor-coactivatoris formed. The compound of this invention is a potent FXR agonists. Dataare provided in Table 1.

Bile acids (BAs) modulate not only several nuclear hormone receptors,but are also agonists for the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TGR5(Makishima, et al., Science, 1999, 284, 1362-1365; Parks, et al.,Science, 1999, 284, 1365-1368; Maruyama, et al., Biochem Biophys ResCommun, 2002, 298, 714-719; and Kawamata, et al., J Biol Chem, 2003,278, 9435-9440). Signaling via FXR and TGR5 modulates several metabolicpathways, regulating not only BA synthesis and enterohepaticrecirculation, but also triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and energyhomeostasis. To evaluate the capacity of Compound 1 to activate TGR5,this compound and other comparison compounds were screened for anincrease of intracellular cAMP as a read-out for TGR5 activation. Humanenteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells constitutively expressing TGR5 wereexposed to increasing concentrations of a compound of the invention, andintracellular cAMP levels were measured by TR-FRET. Lithocholic acid(LCA) was used as positive control. The compound of this invention showshigh selectivity for FXR over TGR5. Data are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 FXR / TGR5 Activity HTR-FRET (cAMP) AlphaScreen Assay Human TGR5Compound Human FXR (NCI-H716 cells) Ref. CDCA = 15 ±3 μM Ref. LCA = 7 ±3 μM Compound 1 0.14 ± 0.04 >200 Compound A  0.2 ± 0.018 15 ± 5 CompoundB 0.03 0.63 Compound C 175 0.9  Compound F 0.15 ± 0.05 >200

TABLE 2 Compound 1 FXR Cross Species Activity hFXR mFXR rFXR dFXREC₅₀(μM) EC₅₀(μM) EC₅₀(μM) EC₅₀(μM) 0.14 ± 0.04 0.6 ± 0.02 0.49 ± 0.011.65 ± 0.05

TABLE 3 Compound 1 TGR5 Cross Species Activity hTGR5 mTGR5 rTGR5 dTGR5EC₅₀(μM) EC₅₀(μM) EC₅₀(μM) EC₅₀(μM) >200 >200 >200 >200

Example 3. Nuclear Receptor Selectivity Profile

Using the AlphaScreen assay, the selectivity of Compound 1 against thefollowing nuclear receptors involved in the metabolic pathways can beevaluated: LXRα, LXRβ, PXR, CAR, PPARγ, PPARδ, PPARγ, RAR, RARα, VDR,TR, PR, RXRα, GR, and ER.

TABLE 4a Nuclear Receptor Profile (agonist mode) LXRα CAR LXRβ PPARαPPARδ PPARγ PXR EC₅₀ EC₅₀ EC₅₀ EC₅₀ EC₅₀ EC₅₀ EC₅₀ (μM) (μM) (μM) (μM)(μM) (μM) (μM) Reference TO91317 CITCO TO91317 GW7647 GW0742 GW1929 SR-Compound 0.12 0.005 0.06 0.003 0.004 0.012 12183 0.06 Compound1 >300 >300 >300 >300 >300 >300 >300

TABLE 4b Nuclear Receptor Profile (agonist mode) RAR RXRα ER TR EC₅₀EC₅₀ VDR EC₅₀ GR PR EC₅₀ (μM) (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀ (μM)(μM) Reference ATRA 9cisRA Dihydroxy Estradiol Budenoside ProgesteroneT3 Compound 0.001 0.004 VitD3 0.001 0.002 0.050 0.0001 0.0001Compound >300 >300 >300 >300 >300 >300 >300 1

Example 4. FXR Target Gene Panel

To evaluate the capacity of Compound 1 to modulate FXR target genes,quantitative RT-PCR assays are performed (see FIG. 1). HepG2 cells areselected as a relevant cell line to determine whether a compound of theinvention can regulate the endogenous FXR genetic network. The abilityof a compound of the invention to induce FXR target genes is assessed byisolating total RNA from cells treated overnight with 1 μM ofcomparative compounds and a compound of the invention. Compound A isestablished as a potent FXR selective agonist and compound B isestablished as a dual potent FXR/TGR5 agonist.

FXR regulates the expression of several target genes involved in BAhomeostasis. Briefly, FXR plays a central role in several metabolicpathways, including i.e., lipid metabolism, bile-acids metabolism, andcarbohydrate metabolism. Regarding gene expression profiling, the genesencoding proteins involved in lipid metabolism include, e.g., APOCII,APOE, APOAI, SREBP-1C, VLDL-R, PLTP, and LPL; the genes encodingproteins involved in bile-acids metabolism include, e.g., OSTα/β, BSEP,MRP2, SHP, CYP7A1, FGF19, SULT2A1, and UGT2B4; and the genes encodingproteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism include, e.g., PGC 1-alpha,PEPCK, and GLUT2.

Example 5. In Vitro Cytotoxicity

To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity of Compound 1, two different assaymethods are employed. The assays evaluate cell viability by measuringATP levels and cytotoxicity by measuring LDH release. AdenosineTriphosphate (ATP) nucleotide represents the source of energy at thebasic molecular level, as it is a multifunctional molecule that is usedin every cell as a coenzyme and is an integral part of the mitochondrialDNA (Kangas, et al., Medical Biology, 1984, 62, 338-343; Crouch, et al.,J Immunol. Methods, 1993, 160, 81-88; and Petty, et al., J Biolumin.Chemilumin. 1995, 10, 29-34). It has been called the “molecular unit ofcurrency” when it comes to intracellular energy transfer. This is toensure the important role of ATP in metabolism and a drop in ATP contentis the first step in revealing cellular damage (Storer, et al., MutationResearch, 1996, 368, 59-101; and Cree and Andreotti, Toxicology InVitro, 1997, 11, 553-556). Cell viability is determined as a measure ofintracellular ATP related to the time of exposure and concentration ofthe test compounds (Sussman, Promega Cell Notes, Issue 3, 2002).

Another method to determine the viability of cells is to detect theintegrity of the membrane that defines the cellularcompartmentalization. Measuring the leakage of components out of thecytoplasm, in damaged cell membranes, indicates loss of membraneintegrity, and LDH release is the method used to determine commontoxicity in cells. HepG2 cells are treated with a compound of theinvention, and serial dilutions are performed. LCA dilutions are addedto the plated cells as assay controls together with no-cell anduntreated cells. The assay is performed in triplicate for each testcompound concentration,

TABLE 5 Compound 1 in vitro Cytotoxicity LDH ATP Content EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀(μM) Ref Tamoxifen Ref Tamoxifen EC₅₀ 35 ± 4 μM EC₅₀ 49 ± 9 μM >300 >300

Example 6. CYP450 Screening

To evaluate the potential of Compound 1 for drug-drug interactions, thesix main CYP450 isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1,CYP3A4) are investigated (Obach, et al., J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 2006,316, 336-348).

To determine interaction between Compound 1 and cytochrome P450 enzymes,the compound of the invention is analyzed by its capacity to inhibit (ornot) the production of a fluorescent signal, using recombinant CYP450proteins (baculosomes; Invitrogen), substrates and inhibitors (Bidstrup,et al, Br J Clin. Pharmacol, 2003, 56. 305-14). As a positive control, aselective inhibitor for each CYP450 isoform is tested in the same plate.

TABLE 6 CYP450 Screening Compound 1 CYP450 IC₅₀ (μM) CYP1A2 >10Reference: Furafylline = 0.5 μM CYP3A4 (Green Substrate) >10 Reference:Ketoconazole = 0.044 μM CYP3A4 (Blue Substrate) >10 Reference:Ketoconazole = 0.04 μM CYP2C9 >10 Reference: Sulfaphenazole = 0.4 μMCYP2C19 >10 Reference: Miconazole = 0.06 μM CYP2D6 >10 Reference:Quinidine = 0.01 μM CYP2E1 >10 Reference: DCC = 0.4 μM

Example 7. Human ERG Potassium Channel

To determine ion channel function, the Predictor™ hERG FluorescencePolarization assay is employed as it provides an efficient method for aninitial determination of the propensity of test compounds to block thehERG channel (Dorn, et al. Biomol. Screen, 2005, 10, 339-347). The assayis based on the assumption that the hERG potassium channel activitycontributes to the resting membrane potential in permanently transfectedcells, and thus a block of hERG channels should result in adepolarization of the cell membrane. The assay is designed to identifypotential hERG channel blockers by producing data that accuratelycorrelates with patch-clamp electrophysiology studies. Results from thePredictor™ assay demonstrate a high correlation with those obtained frompatch clamp techniques (Dorn, et al. J Biomol Screen, 2005, 10,339-347).

Membrane preparations from Chinese hamster ovary cells stablytransfected with hERG potassium channel are used to evaluate thepotential inhibitory effect of a compound of the invention on thischannel using the Predictor™ fluorescence polarization assay.

Reduction of membrane polarization as a result of inhibition of the hERGpotassium channel is directly correlated with a reduction of thefluorescence polarization (FP).

The assay is performed in triplicate by using a 16-point dose-responseof test compound and the positive controls E-4031 and Tamoxifen. An IC₅₀of 15 nM (AmP=163) for E-4031 and 1.4 μM (ΔητP=183) for Tamoxifen areobtained. An assay window more than 100 mP (millipolarization) isconsidered good. The non-linear regression curves are obtained byGraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software Inc.) analysis, to calculate the IC₅₀values.

TABLE 7 Compound 1 hERG Potassium channel activity hERG inhibition IC₅₀(μM) >100

Example 8. Pgp ATPase Activity

The impact of Compound 1 on Pgp ATPase activity was examined in Pgp-Glo™Assay (Technical Bulletin; Pgp-Glo™ Assay Systems Instructions for Useof Products V3591 and V3601; Revised November 2015) according to themanufacturer's standard protocol.

TABLE 8 Compound 1 as Pgp Substrate Pgp Substrate EC₅₀ (μM) >300

Example 9. Physiochemical Properties

Physiochemical properties of Compound 1 such as water solubility,critical micellar concentration, surface tension, and LogP_(A) weredetermined using methods known in the art. Data are provided in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Physiochemical Properties Ws ^((a)) (mM) CMC ^((b)) (mM)ST_(CMC) ^((c)) LogP_(A-) ^((d)) Compound 1 2.0 1.8 Compound A 9 2.943.2-48.8 2.5 Compound B hs 1.3 43.3-47.9 2.0 Compound C 99 2 50.1 1.4Compound D 15 — — 2.9 Compound E 120 5.9 52.4 1.6 Compound F 143-15015.8 47.8 0.8 ^((a)) Ws: water solubility refers to BA as protonatedspecies and therefore not evaluated for Compound B, TCDCA and TUDCAwhich are highly soluble (hs) ^((b)) CMC: Critical MicellarConcentration determined in 0.15M NaCl water solution ^((c)) ST_(cmc):Surface Tension at CMC in 0.15M NaCl water solution ^((d)) Log_(PA) ⁻:1-octanol-water partition coefficient of the studied bile acids asionized species

Example 10. Biliary Secretion and Metabolism of Compound 1 inBile-Fistula Rat

Aim and Rationale: The structural modification of a compound affects itshepatic uptake, hepatic transports, and secretion and intestinalabsorption. Therefore, the knowledge of the biliary secretion aftereither iv or id administration together their metabolism is a key pointin the candidate selection for additional studies. To evaluate the modeand efficiency of the intestinal absorption, Compound 1 is administeredboth intravenously (femoral infusion) and orally (duodenal infusion) atthe same dose and its biliary secretion rate is evaluated in the bilefistula rat model. The choleretic effect on bile production is alsoevaluated. The differences in the area under the curve (AUC) of thebiliary secretion vs time between iv and id administration account ofits intestinal absorption and provide information about itsbioavailability. Moreover, the hepatic and intestinal metabolism couldalso be quite different and therefore the biliary secretion of Compound1 and its main (intestinal) and hepatic metabolites are determined.

Choleretic Effect—Duodenal Infusion

The bile fistula rat model is developed at the University of Bologna Labfacilities. Compound 1 is administered at a dose of about 1 μmol/kg/min(1 hour infusion) to a rat group via duodenal infusion (id). The ratshave a bile fistula to collect bile samples at different times beforeand during the infusion. For duodenal infusion experiment, rats (250±10g) are treated. Bile samples are collected every 15 minutes for fourhours. In addition, 3 control rats are treated with saline solutionunder the same conditions for times and sampling (duodenal controlrats).

Choleretic Effect—Intravenous Infusion

For the femoral infusion experiment, rats are treated with Compound 1 atabout 1 μmol/min/kg. Femoral infusion starts after about 75 minutes ofsteady state and continues for about 60 min. Bile samples are collectedabout every 15 minutes for four hours. In addition, rats are treatedwith saline solution under the same conditions for times and sampling(femoral control rats).

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for treating a chronic liverdisease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof aneffective amount of compound (1)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or amino acid conjugate thereof.2. The method of claim 1, comprising administering compound (1).
 3. Themethod of claim 1, comprising administering a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of compound (1).
 4. The method of claim 1, comprisingadministering a pharmaceutically acceptable amino acid conjugate ofcompound (1).
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the amino acid conjugateis glycine conjugate or sarcosine conjugate.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the chronic liver disease is primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC),cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC), drug induced cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC), bacterial overgrowthor sepsis associated cholestasis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viralhepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver transplantassociated graft versus host disease, living donor transplant liverregeneration, congenital hepatic fibrosis, choledocholithiasis,granulomatous liver disease, intra- or extrahepatic malignancy,Sjogren's syndrome, Sarcoidosis, Wilson's disease, Gaucher's disease,hemochromatosis, or alphal-antitrypsin deficiency.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the chronic liver disease is nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD).
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the chronic liverdisease is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
 9. The method of claim1, wherein the chronic liver disease is primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).